William Faulkner an Example by

William Faulkner William Faulkner is a capricious essayist, is as yet considered as one of the incredible authors delivered by the United States, who is known for his legacy and artistic works. Being an optimistic understudy in school days, his psyche went towards aimless perusing and made him surrender his instructive life. His later life was an amalgamation of dejection and catastrophe and he encountered a status of separation as a primary concern and heart. This was the period when his psyche voyaged logically and caused him to investigate his concealed possibilities as a developed author and idea investigator. Chances to travel a great deal gave him some generous encounters, which made him step into the writing field. Need paper test on William Faulkner subject? We will compose a custom paper test explicitly for you Continue His first book, The Marble Faun, an assortment of sonnets, showed up in 1924. It didn't pick up progress. He supported composing bunches of fiction which turned out be a disappointment in his initial days, yet because of his reasonable vision and lucidity in considerations , he concocted his first novel officers pay which clarified the circumstance of fighters and their sufferings during the main universal war. Despite the fact that the scope of this novel was not sufficient, his second novel Mosquitoes throwed light on the abstract scenes of the New Orleans and it talked about the imaginative autonomy. In 1929 Faulkner composed Sartoris, the first of fifteen books set in Yoknapatawpha County, an anecdotal district of Mississippi Sartoris was later reissued entitled FLAGS IN THE DUST (1973). The Yoknapatawpha books crossed the times of monetary decay from the American Civil War. Faulkner utilized different composing styles. The account shifts from the customary narrating, to arrangement of previews or composition. ABSALOM, ABSALOM!, by and large thought about Faulkner's gem. It records a scope of voices, all attempting to disentangle the puzzles of Thomas Sutpen's fierce life. Faulkner attempted numerous systems, forming him as an expert author yet none worked out or gave him the foreseen acknowledgment as an expert essayist. With parcel of troubles, he found a distributer for his recreation novel banners which by and by raised analysis for one explanation or the other. In any case, Faulkner proceeded with himself recorded as a hard copy many short stories and novels.Inspite of every one of his endeavors and obstacles , his center was clear and he was continually investigating the approaches to extinguish is writing thirst. His composing got a blend of reaction a condemned was excessively long and hard to comprehend. Furthermore, at some point he retains significant subtleties or imperative references and made it extreme for the perusers to follow. Faulkners composing style was totally founded on European Modernism. Through the span of his profession, Faulkner developed to be one of the best creator of fictions and he has likewise been portrayed as the Picasso of Literature. His composing consistently end up being a provocative stuff with a fair blend of morals, music, brain research, theory and so forth. He was likewise equipped for bringing his curious contemplations into words which picked up him more distinction. Because of his all difficult work and shocking scholarly aptitudes, William Faulkner was granted the respectable prize for writing in 1949. He was additionally the beneficiaries for the two Pulitzer valued for a tale and The Reivers. Absolutely nineteen books were distributed during Faulkners life time everything except five are set in Yoknapatawpha County. Faulkners composing endured at the later phase of his life due to continous bridging numerous Asian nations. He proceeded with his way of life of drinking and chasing regardless of as often as possible experiencing wounds tumbling off his pony. A fall on June 17, 1962 landed Faulkner in the emergency clinic, where he later kicked the bucket of a cardiovascular failure on July seventh. Web References: 1999, 2002 Gateway New Orleans, http://gatewayno.com/culture/Faulkner.html (thirteenth July, 2006) 1997 Encyclopedia Britannica,(13th July, 2006) 2006 eNotes,(13th July, 2006) John.p.Padgett, The University of Mississippi

Fall of Roman Empire free essay sample

Each greatness Empire has one day to decrease and fall, yet every decay has causes and resons behind them, so we will talk about a portion of the key factors that assumed significant job in the fall of once a relentless realm. The domain which was supposed to be unconquereable, and undefeatable on account of its colossal expensions and its populace just as its administration, and the key factors because of which that powerful realm needed to see its decay. Foundation and History: The start and establishment of Roman domain is a fantasy. Rome started anexing regions in the third century BC. Augustus turned into the main sovereign of Roman Empire after he vanquished Cleopatra in 31 BC, sparing the Roman Empire and making Egypt its territory. The rule of Agustus whose genuine name was Octavious and Augustus was the title given to him went on for a long time, time referred to as the Golden Age rome as rome has expanded its domains enormous. [1] During Antiquity Age or Ancient age Rome was known as the greatest Economical, Military, Social intensity of the world alongside other large Empires like Persia. Rome had the humanized socierty, extraordinary engineering, government structure, military, immense region for the most part growing over the now a days Europe, and incredible force status. During its beginning times religion of rome was polytheistic which they enlivened from Ancient Greek dieties and by changing the names of dieties took the religion however later Chritianity assumed control over the Rome and turned into the state religion of Rome [2]. . Subsequent to seeing the period of brilliance and as the Biggest Empire of old age, Era of Roman domain reached a conclusion. After its end Chritian Roman Empire came to presence. Components for the Decline of Roman Empire. Strict Factor: For each human advancement and Empire religion has been the primary factor for the ascent and fall of it. So as the case with Roman Empire religion has been considered as one of the primary Factors to which it tumbles from the wonder. During the Ancient Ages the state religion of the Roman Empire was polytheistic, which the individuals of Rome had accepted from the Greek dieties, they changed thier name and obtained it as their religion. In the Roman Empire same dieties were revered however under the distinctive name in various pieces of the Empire. Individuals were tolerent and accomodating towords new dieties and the strict expiriences of others. After the start and spreading of Christianity, which individuals acknowledged rapidly as the conviction of Chritianity was to beleive in one God insted of revering diverse dieties. Christianity additionally gave the confidence in existence in the wake of death and expectation and boldness to individuals who urgent. From the outset Christianity was supressed in early ages, however after Emperor Constantine articulated Christianity as the states religion, the new religion developed its root in the lower class of society and with time to the entire Empire. As the development of Christianity the congregation and monestry developed into power so the intensity of pope, with the decrease in the authority of the Emperor. Which is thought be one reason behind the Decline of Roman Empire. [3] Decline in Moral Values: One of the principle Reason for the fall of the Roman realm was the decrease in the virtues of the general public, particularly in the contrast between the upper rich classes, nobles and sovereigns. Improper and unathical behavoiours, for example, adultry and bashes rise, thus the borthel and constrained prostituation thrived. With the decrease in the ethics of the general public saw the decrease in petroitism in individuals and individuals turned out to be less alligience to the state [5]. The decrease in the ethics of the general public additionally affected the poor class and slaves in the Roman Empire and with that reach out of the decrease in ethics in all the classes of society got one of the factor for the fall of Roman Empire. [4] Slavary: Slavary got one of the explanation behind the fall of Roman Empire. During the initial two centries of Roman Empire slavary developed drastically, and with the expansion in number of slaves caused the decrease in the ethics of the general public, morals and all the more significantly in the turn of events and requirement for the new innovation. As Roman individuals depended more on the slaves and labor rather than the innovation. Because of an inappropriate and brutal treatment with the slaves prompted the reballions and slave wars. Yet, with the appearance of Christianity the disposition towards slaves changed thus in the quantities of slaves declined, with the decay of the slaves the labor on which the entire Roman Empire was dependend declined, which caused a significant blow toward the fall of Roman Empire as the tackle this emergency there was no innovation to supplant the required labor. Outer and inward Threats and Military Spendings: As the Roman Empire extended its domains quickly and vanquished a huge are, came the need to protect its outskirts and regions from attack by the Barbarians and different dangers. What's more, consequently countless armed force was required and an ever increasing number of troopers were employed. The individuals of the vanquished domains abhorred Rome for their conquere, increasingly more duties were actualized on those individuals which made them to constantly rebbel against the realm. An enormous ammount of cash was spent on the employing and preparing of officers. The savages and the different mecenries were additionally permitted to participate in the military, which caused in the over-streching of the military and hurling spending on them. The savages and mecenries who joined the military of Rome picked up the information on the Roman military strategies and Roman style fighting by serving the military. In the end betrayed the Roman domain and utilized thier strategies and fighting again them to bring down the Roman Empire. [5] Failing Economy and Inflation: Economy has consistently remained the principle factor in the fall of human progress and Empire. When for reasons unknown economy is affected, so the individuals are, for the most part the low or poor class is affected as a result of bomb in economy. As far with rome, rome was in the condition of consistent war to protect its over-streached region and supress the uprisings and brutes of the terrains they vanquished, Rome was constantly undermined by the chapter 11 and bombing economy [5]. Because of the overwhelming spending on the Roman military the profitability of good in Rome declined thus the Rome turned out to be progressively needy over the outside items. Because of decrease in the good and moral estimations of society and individuals, breakdown the work power happened. A few and the primary pieces of the realms were not burdened however the other vanquished and least significant domains were heavly burdened [6]. Political Reason: Politics is a significant and fundamental piece of the general public. The ascent and fall of domain generally depends of its political structure, even religion, military, economy and goverment broadly relies upon the political foundation of the general public. Courrption and failuir in the governmental issues causes the major reson in the fall of human progress. For Rome its governmental issues was the necessary piece of the Empire. The Roman Empire was Republic and was administered by the chosen counsul, the senate, and the piebian chamber, which was the well known get together of Rome [7]. The courrption in counsul, senate and piebian councile was one of the primary explanations behind the fall of Empire. The other political courrption was in the Praetorian Guards, who were the world class officers and protectors of the sovereigns pledged to secure the head with their lives, not many in numbers yet solid in power. Their debasement drove and developed to such surviving that they began to settle on when and climate the head ought to be removed or who ought to be made the following ruler of the Roman Empire. Open Corruption: One of the purposes behind the fall of the roman domain was the unemploment of the common laborers and the expense of the Gladiatorial game. In the event that the a large number of the individuals of Roman Empire are unemloyed and they are exhausted and nothing to they would begin common turmoil and roits in the road. In this way, the Roman chief diverted these individuals with free food and gladiatorial games. Rather than speanding cash for the improvement of individuals and to give work oppertunities to these individuals, a huge entirety of cash was spended over the games to interest these individuals, so they don't begin roiting in the road and cause common turmoil, the degenerate lawmaker utilized these games and free food to pick up the kindness and backing over the joblessness individuals, these games cost 33% of the absolute pay of the entire Roman Empire. Reference: [1]. http://www. historyworld. net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories. sp? historyid=ac58. [2]. http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome. [3]. http://www. roman-colosseum. data/roman-domain/reasons for-the-fall-of-the-roman-realm. htm [4]. http://www. roman-colosseum. information/roman-realm/reasons for-the-fall-of-the-roman-domain. htm. [5]. http://www. angelfire. com/darkside/sjhscult/notes/unit1/fall_rome. htm. [6]. http://www. angelfire. com/darkside/sjhscult/notes/unit1/fall_rome. htm. [7]. http://ww w. enotes. com/roman-realm reference-manage/roman-domain.

12 Rules for Negotiating a Job Offer

12 Rules for Negotiating a Job Offer The job search process was hard. As if that wasn’t enough, another hurdle lies ahead.You have gone through the first interview and all was well. You got a call informing you of the second one. You are told that this will be a meeting to discuss the job offer. How will it go?What questions will they ask you? Will you be able to give the right answers? How much are they willing to pay you? If their offer is not good enough, can you negotiate?It turns out that many candidates don’t negotiate job offers.They don’t fully agree with the terms and are unhappy about them but still don’t raise the matter. Be it salary or the full package. Source: CNBCFor those who do, they face the challenge of not knowing how well to negotiate.Their poor negotiation skills ruin their opportunity of getting better pay and overall packages.THE JOB NEGOTIATIONDiscussing a job offer is an invitation to the negotiating table.Here, you are to make a case for your product (yourself) and sell it at the highest price.The other party is to make a case for their offer and show you how it is perfect. The better negotiator shall come out top.This gets scary for job candidates. They aren’t sure how to handle it for fear of losing the job.What they fail to understand, is that they have been given an opportunity to “sell” themselves to the interviewer.With the right kind of skills, you can make this the best part of the recruitment process. Just as you worked hard to perform well during the interview, you can also perform well in a negotiation.Here are twelve rules for you to keep in mind when going for that discussion. Use these as tips to he lp you stay on top of things.1. Show Your WorthSince you are here for the second interview, which is a negotiation, then you are one of their preferred choices.This should boost your confidence levels. It’s now time to impress them further and solidify the argument that you are the best.You do this by showing them your worth. The key word here is show. You should not merely tell but show.This means that you will do more than talking. And in the talking, you will choose your words well enough to stick within the boundaries of showing.To effectively do this, we recommend using the “briefcase technique.”The briefcase technique has been tried, tested and proven to be effective in all sorts of negotiations. Anywhere you are required to pitch, this technique will work for you.The technique is pretty simple but powerful. It mostly gets its power from the psychological work it does behind the scenes, i.e. in the interviewer’s mind.The technique requires you to put in the effort and prepare extensively. Research the challenges intended to be solved by the position.Document them and come up with a proposed solution. This proposed solution should be complete with time frames and even options.Then immediately an offer is given, instead of responding to it, you pull your proposal from your briefcase and present it.This will show that you are proactive and ready for the work. Ensure that you get the pain points well documented so that it cannot be denied.Watch the below video for a better understanding of the technique. 2. Show Your AvailabilityIn today’s competitive job market, employers know that they are not the only ones looking for talent.As a result, they are aware of the possibility that you might be going through an interview with another company.They may ask you some direct, maybe even tough questions intending to know whether this is the case.You need to remember that you are in a negotiation. In a negotiation, it’s all about the bargaining power.Th in tention of that question is most likely to know how much bargaining power you have. If you are being given an offer elsewhere, then they have to rival that.If there is no other offer, then you are likely to accept theirs since you need or want the job.In case you are not considering an offer from a different company, do not lie about it. You do not need to lie to maintain your bargaining power. It may also be exposed and you lose the opportunity.Make it known to your interviewer that you are available. If you are considering another offer, mention it but let them know that you are interested in discussing their offer too.This way, you show them that they can actually win you over.3. Understand Your InterviewerThe person or people interviewing you have only one motive: hire the best candidate and have them accept their offer. This offer is what they are willing to give and would like it to be accepted as it is.Therefore, throughout the negotiation, remember that every questions and s tatement made, has an intention behind it.This means that you should not focus too much on the question asked. Rather focus on the intention behind the question.With this understanding, you will be better placed to respond to questions and statements.Since you already know that the questions have some motive behind them, try to recognize the motive.Once done, address that motive, even if it means answering the question in an unexpected way.Just be careful not to go out of context with your answer.4. Can they afford it?As part of your preparations, make sure you have an offer you are ready to suggest. If it’s the salary, have a figure.If it’s the vacation and other benefits, have these ready with the arguments supporting them.You can get salary suggestions from a company like Glassdoor. Their website will tell you the typical salary a person in the position you are interviewing for earns. With this, you can know what to ask for.Now, that information is not everything. You might g et that information but be in a negotiation with a small company which can’t afford that. Check the responsibilities you will have and the kind of work to be done.If these are not commensurate with the offer and you don’t come to an agreement, feel free to walk away.In fact, you should save yourself the effort of lengthy discussion if you notice they aren’t likely to budge. A quick overview of the size of the company will tell you whether they can pay well.Since the job offer is more than the salary, see whether you can get other benefits to cover for a low salary.Consider something like working from home several days a week or any other benefit you think can make the offer more attractive for you.5. Prepare Your DefensesIt is often thought that in a job offer negotiation, the hiring manager has the upper hand.This may or may not be true. It is very much dependent on you since you’ve been invited to a negotiation.However, some employers are aware of the fact that not many ca ndidates will be very confident in bargaining. They will therefore try to make it tougher for you to make a good case for yourself.One of the ways through which this can happen is by asking you tough questions. If you haven’t read our article on tough interview questions, that can be a good place to start.As you negotiate, the hiring manager will also be gauging your abilities. Not only to negotiate, but to reason, influence, and anything else important to them.This is especially true for a leadership position e.g. manager, supervisor, team leader etc.It will be important for you to prepare for those tough questions beforehand.Consider the below question:If we make you an offer now, will you accept the job? We would like someone to start working immediately.Notice that first of all, the offer has not yet been made but you’re being urged to make a commitment.If you are too keen on getting a job, you might rush to say “yes.”Although you can still negotiate some more after that , it won’t be much.6. Negotiate the Whole DealThis is an important one to remember. Do not fix your mind on the salary alone because a job offer is more than that.The current trend among hiring companies is to offer candidates several types of benefits.For you, you may be given an offer which has a salary, paid vacation, work-from-home days, insurance and the other normal benefits.On top of these, you may have stock options as well as any other benefits.It might be that the company is generous but it might also be that they don’t have much money to pay huge salaries.However, it might also be a way for the company to complicate offer comparisons. If you are comparing several offers, such an offer can make it difficult to assign a value to it.In such a position, do a quick analysis and respond accordingly. You can ask some questions like, “What’s the price of your shares?” “Do you pay dividends and if so, what was the last 3 years’ amount?”Since the complicated offer c an make you think you have much, you need to understand that you actually have very little information about it.Asking these questions will provide you with more information regarding the real value of the stock holding.With the new details, you will then be able to make a decision.7. Speak Less, Listen MoreNegotiations are highly psychological. And although the end result should be a win-win situation for both parties, everyone usually negotiates for his best interests.This can only mean one thing: there is some form of winning needed. Not winning while the other person loses but winning in the sense that everyone goes home happy.One big bargaining chip in every negotiation is information. The person with the most information has better leverage compared to the other.We can look at a quick example from the complicated offer provided in the above tip (Negotiate the whole deal).Let’s take the stock offer for example. If you have done extensive research on the company, you might hav e information on their stock prices.You might also have information on their dividend payments. If these are not attractive, you can quickly pick that up and suggest something different.But if you don’t have this information (and you don’t ask for it), you might fall for the trick. You can be deceived by the many things making up the offer and accept it thinking it’s a good one.To get information from the other party, you need to learn how to listen. This is part of good communication skills and it’s highly valuable. Normally, the more someone talks, the more they are likely to say things they would rather not have said.Your employer might know this, especially since they probably do lots of business negotiations. It is upon you to embrace this truth so you can be at the same level.8. Don’t Rush to FinishNever be in a hurry to finish the negotiation. Of course the interviewer doesn’t have the whole day and you didn’t go there to chat for hours. Still, do not be in a hu rry to finish.If you feel like you need time to think the offer through, ask for time.Ask to be allowed a few hours or a day to think about the offer before deciding.Where you are also considering an offer from another potential employer, this becomes even more important for you. You do not want to quickly accept this offer only to be given a better one when you are no longer available.If awaiting a response from the other company, try getting enough time from this company. If pressed to make a decision quickly, then request for some hours.If this is taking place in the morning, inform them that you will confirm by the close of business.You can then sit down in the quietness of your home to think it through. Consider the changes they made as per your demands.You can also call the other company and try getting an offer from them. If you passed their interview and they liked you, they might want to make an offer more quickly to see whether they can have you.The new negotiation can hel p you decide and confidently make a choice.9. Don’t Be BulliedDo you remember we said that some interviewers think they have the upper hand? That they can try to push the candidate to make rushed choices?It’s necessary to know that you might meet an interviewer who tries to bully you into accepting his offer. This will rarely happen openly but subtly.It may look as if the interviewer is in a hurry or is simply the kind that go straight to the point and deal with the issue.Be careful of such situations.If you are negotiating with someone trying to push you too hard, understand that you might be dealing with a not-so-friendly person.He might turn out to be the boss who never appreciates your work. He might even be an abusive boss. There are many people working in abusive environments.It is possible that the boss has a personality disorder. Or is subject to extreme mood swings. Whatever the case, be on the lookout for signs of someone trying to force you to say “yes.”Even if yo u get exactly what you ask for, it may come at the expense of your joy.10. Don’t Give UltimatumsHere is another don’t. No matter how much confidence you have in your abilities, don’t use an ultimatum as a bargaining chip. Never make the interviewer feel like he is being forced to choose you.In fact, this is the opposite of the above rule. Whereas some employers may try bullying, giving an employer ultimatums can also be referred to as a form of bullying. This can easily put you out of favor with your prospective employer.Giving an ultimatum is a show of arrogance on your part. You are simply too confident in yourself and your abilities.This tells the hiring manager that you are likely the kind of candidate who might not follow the laid down procedures. You might break the rules since you feel like you know better.A question to ponder is, if you are so good that you can give ultimatums, how come you are jobless? Aren’t you supposed to have been in your former employment as an indispensable employee?If you have never had a job and it’s a long time since you left college, then the conclusion is that other employers have rejected you due to this unwanted trait.It is necessary for you to balance between confidence and humility. Whereas you should be confident to express yourself accordingly, you should also be humble enough to consider everyone else’s position.11. Create Room for Further Negotiation LaterDo not be under the impression that you have to negotiate everything perfectly at once. Remember that you have not even started working.The interviewer has not seen your work for himself. He is only going by what you and your papers say about you.He has simply trusted you enough to give you an offer.If they have given in to important demands which you made, consider taking the job. It is while on the job that you can better make a case for the rest of the things you want given.Maybe you can prove yourself to be better than you spoke of yourself.Maybe th ey might be impressed with the results you bring and decide to promote you within 6 months or 1 year. A promotion will bring better deals and another opportunity to negotiate further.If you try getting too much from the first negotiation, then you might be putting too much pressure.You might make them want to consider the other candidate who isn’t as good as you are, but is willing to take a lesser package. In any case, he can improve while on the job.12. Practice With a FriendYou will greatly benefit from practicing negotiations so as to become better at them. Practice helps you build your confidence and become accustomed to it.This will make negotiations a more natural thing for you to do.The good thing is that you can practice at any time. Even before going for your job offer negotiation.One major benefit of practicing with a friend is that you can switch sides and become the interviewer. When you do this, you get to understand the perspective of an employer.You will try hard t o convince your friend to take your offer and see possible responses which you can use.With your friend taking the employer’s side, you can see what your negotiation is likely to be like. As he tries to get you to see how the offered deal is perfect, your mind will be working on counter-arguments.This is good preparation for you. With the above 12 rules for a successful job offer negotiation, you will know when to push and where to accept.You will therefore not go into the negotiation completely green but with some experience.CONCLUSIONThe apparent toughness of job offer negotiations is largely due to lack of preparedness and experience.If you follow these 12 rules of negotiating a job offer, you increase your chances of landing a good job with a great package.

A Primary Task of the Manager - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2334 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? DECISION MAKING- A PRIMARY TASK OF THE MANAGER As the term implies, decision making is the process of selection of a course of action from among alternatives. All decisions made in an environment of at least some uncertainty. However, the degree will vary from relative certainty to great uncertainty. There are certain risks involved in making decisions. In a situation involving certainty, people are reasonably sure about what will happen when they make a decision. The information is available and is considered to be reliable, and the cause and effect relationships are known. In a situation of uncertainty, on the other hand, people have only a meager database, they do not know whether or not the data are reliable, and they are very unsure about whether or not the situation may change. In a risk situation, factual information may exist but it may be incomplete. To improve decision making, one may estimate the objective probabilities of an outcome by using, for example, mathe matical models. On the other hand, subjective probability, based on judgement and experience, may be used. Fortunately, there are a number of tools available that help managers make more effective decisions. All intelligent decision makers dealing with uncertainty like to know the size and nature of the risk they are taking in choosing a course of action. One of the deficiencies in using the traditional approaches of operations research for problem solving is that many of the data used in a model are merely estimates and others are based on probabilities. The ordinary practice is to have staff specialists come up with â€Å"best estimates†. However new techniques have been developed that gives a more precise view of risk. Virtually every decision is based on the interaction of a number of important variables, many of which have an element of uncertainty but, perhaps,a fairly high degree of probability. Thus, the wisdom of launching a new product might depend on a number of critical variables the cost of introducing the product, the cost of producing it, the capital investment that will be required, the price that can be set for the product, the size of the potential market, and the share of the total market that it will represent. Manager’s main job is decision making and quite often they have to decide on what is to be done, who is to do it, when, where, and so on and so forth. The first step in decision making after having decided our goals and our planning premises is to develop all the possible ways of reaching the goals. If one thinks hard enough more than one way to achieve the goals can be identified. If you cannot find more than one way to the goals then I would say probably you have not thought hard enough. This is because almost always alternatives exist. There is a good statement I remember on this occasion-I quote the unknown â€Å" If there seems to be only one way of doing a thing, that way is probably the wrong way. â €  Now you can understand the limitations and boundaries within which the manager has to act. On the way to achieving the desired goals there would be more often than not something that would stand in the way, obstructing the path. This something that stands in the way accomplishing a desired goal is a limiting factor. The principle of limiting factor states as follows: By recognizing and overcoming those factors that stand critically in the way of a goal, the best alternative course of action can be selected. Steps In Decision-making Process Let us now look at the process of decision making. Having found many alternatives to the goal, the next logical step is to decide and select one of them for adoption. Obviously, you need to evaluate them find the most appropriate one for implementation. In evaluating the alternatives, the managers are likely to do so: Quantitative Factors– 1. The factors that can be measured in numerical terms, 2. Qualitative Factors–fact ors that are intangible and difficult to measure numerically, 3. marginal analysis–that is to compare additional revenues arising from additional costs 4. cost effectiveness analysis–the process of selecting the best ratio of benefits and costs. After having evaluated the alternatives the job is to select one of them. Here the managers can use three basic approaches: 1. Experience, 2. Experimentation, and 3. Research and analysis Experience There seems to be no greater teacher than experience. But what is experience? It is not the number of years spent in a business. Many managers do not learn by their mistakes. If so what is the benefit of experience? Mostly managers either do not or fail to identify the cause for their failures. Another facet is the lessons of experience may be entirely inapplicable to the new problems. Experimentation Experiments are one way of testing a method. It is probably the most expensive one. Besides, unlike in science, there is no guaran tee of repetition of the results. But one should be encouraged to do experiments-to try the various alternatives and see which is best. In view of the high cost involved, I suggest it should be used only after considering other alternatives and its implications. Research and Analysis When a major decision has to be taken, research and analysis is the most effective technique. One of the most comprehensive research and analysis approaches to decision making is operations research. We will discuss the same in detail at later. Types of Managerial Decisions As a manager one would need to take decisions under different situations. We can separately identify two different kinds of decision making situations. The kind of decision used for routine and repetitive work and the other is new, unexpected and non-repetitive one. The earlier one is termed as programmed decision and other non-programmed decision. You should understand that the decisions are not always necessarily be either of the two; it can be a combination of both. Most of the strategic decisions however, are non-programmed decisions and involve a certain amount of risk. Before a non-programmed decision is made the manager should calculate the amount of risk involved in the decision known as Risk Analysis, look at the major alternatives available-Decision Trees. The decision made by the manager would also be dependent on his attitude towards risk taking and this is called preference theory or utility theory. Decision making support systems use modern day gadgets and techniques to help the manager arrive at a decision effectively. Management invariably encounters situations in which uncomfortable decisions must be made. In some cases, the difficulty may be that, although certain alternative choices are clear, the consequences of these choices are not readily apparent. One possible tool for a manager in such a situation is decision tree analysis. A decision tree is a graphical diagram consisting o f nodes and branches. The nodes are of two types. The first is a rectangle that represents the decision to be made. The branches emanating from decision nodes are the alternative choices with which the manager is faced. One and only one alternative can be implemented. The second type of node is a circle. Circles represent chance nodes. That is, the alternatives emanating from chance nodes have some element of uncertainty as to whether or not they will occur. The primary benefit of a decision tree is that it provides a visual representation of the choices facing the manager. Analytic Considerations The first task of the manager is to identify the decision that needs to be made based upon a given situation. Next, the manager must think of all the possible alternative actions that could be implemented which would solve the problem. These alternatives are connected to the decision node as straight lines emanating from the node. The next step is to identify all the possible consequenc es that could occur as a result of an alternative being implemented. This process is accomplished for each and every alternative action identified in the previous step. Since these consequences have some element of uncertainty as to whether or not they will occur, the manager needs some way in which to evaluate the likelihood that they will (may) occur. The end goal is to obtain probabilities as to the likelihood of each consequence occurring. The best process to obtain these probabilities is to use past experience of similar outcomes. But, often there is no past experience of similar outcomes available to the manager. In these cases, the best tool is to utilize the collective wisdom of experts as to how likely it is that the particular consequence will occur in the future. Using an appropriate consensus building technique, estimates from a panel of experts can be combined or averaged to create a probability of the likelihood of the occurrence of each and every consequence. Th e only requirement is that the sum of the probabilities of the set of consequences emanating from a chance node must equal one. The next step is to evaluate the end result of each possible alternative in concert with the consequences identified for each alternative. This step results in a monetary figure that would be obtained if this course of action were implemented. This step is accomplished for each possible alternative. Finally, the entire tree is evaluated by employing a technique known as mathematical expectation in order to select the most beneficial alternative. Product Planning at Gerber Gerber Products, Inc. , the well-known baby products company, recently used decision tree analysis in deciding whether to continue using the plastic known as poly-vinyl chloride or, more commonly, PVC. The situation involved a number of organizations including the environmental group Greenpeace, the U. S. Consumer Products Safety Commission, the toy and plastics industries, and the gene ral public. PVC is a composite plastic material used in numerous household, commercial, and medical products including food storage containers, toys, and medical tubing. To make PVC soft and pliable, a chemical plasticizer known as phthalates is added to soften the plastic. In the latter half of 1998, Greenpeace announced that it had conducted scientific testing on phthalates and found them to be carcinogenic in lab rats. Further, Greenpeace claimed that the chemical leeches from the plastic over time and voiced particular concern with, products that were aimed at small children and used to suck on or chew on. Although phthalates have been used in plastic for over 30 years, and there are no known cases of phthalates causing health problems, Greenpeace’s press release was strategically timed to coincide with the Christmas toy season, thereby guaranteeing maximum media coverage. As expected, it was immediately picked up by the television networks and, in fact, the ABC show 2 0/20 did an entire segment on the possible health risks of phthalates. The problem grew worse for Gerber when the media focused specifically on products made for oral use by children. Gerber, the largest producer of nipples, pacifiers, and feeding products in the U. S. , produced some 75 different products containing phthalates and was under considerable pressure to respond publicly to the investigation. Decisions Gerber management had to evaluate all of the current information, weigh the consequences of each action, and proceed on the most prudent course to insure as limited an interruption in business as possible. Gerber knew that a vast body of scientific evidence indicates that phthalates are completely safe. However, once the Greenpeace announcement was publicized, the Consumer Product Safety Commission was spurred to issue a press release expressing new doubts. As the focus gradually fell on items children put in their mouths, and large toy manufacturers like Mattel and Disney began to distance themselves from phthalates, the spotlight of the CPSC fell squarely on Gerber. A month before Christmas, the CPSC informed Gerber they would issue a press release advising parents of the potential dangers of phthalates, and Gerber would be named as one of the companies involved. This is the point at which Gerber implemented a decision tree. Gerber basically faced two choices, neither of which was particularly beneficial. The firm could be reactive, wait for the announcement, and gauge consumer response before deciding on a course of action, or it could be proactive and aggressively pursue resolution of the problem regardless of the public’s response to the report. The CSPC report suggested the agency would either issue a recall of all products containing phthalates (shown on the decision tree as the unfavorable response), or they would issue a report merely expressing concern in which case the public response would be minimal (shown on the decision tree as favorable). Gerber projected eight possible outcomes on its decision tree. If the firm reacted proactively by discontinuing use of all phthalates, and the CSPC report simply issued a warning, Gerber predicted an 80 percent chance that the public would react favorably to Gerber’s responsiveness causing sales to increase over competitors who reacted more slowly. A potential nationwide revenue increase of $l million was entered into the decision tree. Given a proactive response and a favorable CSPC report, Gerber also recorded a 20 percent chance that sales ould decline by $1 million due to the sensationalistic nature of the press coverage. If the CSPC report is negative and a recall is issued, Gerber predicted 25 percent likelihood that it could preserve current sales through a proactive response. On the other hand, the firm placed a 75 percent probability that a recall would hurt sales by $1. 25 million. Four more alternatives were predicted in the event that Gerbe r waited for the CSPC report before taking action. With a favorable report and a delayed response, there was thought to be a 25 percent chance that sales would remain flat, along with a 75 percent chance that sales would decline by $2 million. The worst case scenario is if Gerber remains passive and the CSPC report calls for a recall. In that case, Gerber optimistically predicted a 20 percent probability that it could still increase sales by taking advantage of companies who were less prepared for the report and actually gain approximately $. 5 million. However, it was considered an 80 percent probability that significant volume would be lost. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Primary Task of the Manager" essay for you Create order

Sophocles Antigone - Fate And Power Essay - 1812 Words

Sophocles’ Antigone - Fate and Power Greek tragedies are noted for containing many powerful themes. Such themes like fate play an important role in many tragedies. Character lives or stories have a set end and throughout the story, there are subtle or noticeable hints of what will become of the character and when will it occur. Whether it be the protagonist, antagonist, or another character, they might be able to recognize their fate and respond by either accepting it or fighting against it. Power is another important theme in Greek tragedies. Power has a tendency to corrupt and blind characters from doing the right thing. Many tragic characters corrupted by the power they held suffer terrible fates from not making the right choices. Sophocles’ Greek tragedy, Antigone, was no exception to this, as fate and power are central themes in the story and play prominent roles in the respective downfall of the play’s two major characters, Antigone and Creon. From the very beginning of the play, Antigone’s fate is essentially laid out when she confides to her sister, Ismene, that she plans to bury their brother, Polyneices and why it is necessary to do so. This action is in direct defiance of the edict set by their uncle, Creon, but Antigone nonetheless accepts her fate. She stands by what she did wholeheartedly and accepts the consequences without a moment’s hesitation. While fate greatly affected Antigone, power and fate play a great role in what becomes of Creon by the play’sShow MoreRelatedBiography of Sophocles Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesBiography of Sophocles Sophocles was born near Athens, in the small town of Colonus, around 495 BC. His ninety-year life span coincided with the rise and fall of the Athenian Golden age. The son of Sophillus, a wealthy armor maker, Sophocles was provided with the best traditional aristocratic education available in Athens (Page 3). 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Nowada ys, fate is a subject often rejected in society, as it is seen as too big, too idealistic, and too hard to wrap a persons head around. However, at the time of Antigone, the concept was a terrifying reality for most people. Fate is the will of the godsRead MorePower, Hubris, And Hamartia Sophocles Antigone1627 Words   |  7 PagesHonors October 31, 2015 Power, Hubris, and Hamartia in Sophocles s Antigone Lord Acton, a well-known British historian, writer, and politician, resonated the repercussions of power and dominance by stating that All power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely† (Moreell, Power Corrupts). This is just one of the themes covered in Sophocles s Antigone. Within this dramatic play, Sophocles questions the conventions of hubris, hamartia, and power. They all play a roleRead MoreAn Analysis of Fate vs. Free Will in the Theban Plays1392 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Fate vs. Free Will in the Theban Plays When Teiresias asks in Antigone (line 1051), What prize outweighs the priceless worth of prudence? he strikes (as usual) to the heart of the matter in Sophocles Theban Plays. Sophocles dramatizes the struggle between fate and free will, in one sense, but in another sense the drama might be better understood as the struggle between the will of the goods (which it is prudent to follow, according to Teiresias) and mans will (which is oftenRead MoreEssay about Gender Bias Critic of Antigone1724 Words   |  7 PagesA Gender Bias Approach to Antigone Just as one stone removed can break a bridge, one flaw can bring a man to ruins. The flaw of one man cannot bring down an entire kingdom, but rather one outlook of the king can lead to the demise of the whole. In Sophocles epic tragedy, Antigone, a strong gender bias is present throughout the tragedy, and is partially responsible for the downfall of the king. To Sophocles the king is not always representative of the people, but acts on his own personal desiresRead MoreAntigone : Morality And Justice889 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of good and bad, Morality. Justice is resolute, but unfortunately our perception of morality is different from person to person, so when ones personal conception of morality is not socially acceptable, one may end up having a conflict. In Antigone, morality and justice cross swords with each other and it leads to a devastating end. The cross hairs of morality and justice are complex; one is free to choose, but one is not free from the effect of ones choice. Creons role as a monarch is

Birdsong Man and Stephen Free Essays

Birdsong Essay Sebastian Faulks shows us many horrors of World War One by using language and structure of the novel. For example this shows the imagery of the horrors of war at the hospital when Stephen got injured and what happened with the boy. Faulks starts of with Stephen Wraysford and how he is coming back to life but with pain. We will write a custom essay sample on Birdsong: Man and Stephen or any similar topic only for you Order Now His pain is nothing compared to the man next to him, the man apparently could â€Å"visualize the pain† also its says he could see it hovering over him this I think could relate to two thing either his pain or the mans spirit. Faulks describes the imagery for us how bad it is- â€Å"His body decomposing as he lay there, like those that hung on the wire going from red to black before they crumbled into the earth leaving only septic spores†- this shows us the horrors of what war does to people. Also Faulks uses this one man to describe the many other men that go through this in the war. Faulks uses descriptive language and we can visualise the boy when â€Å"His mouth was pulled open and his neck were stretched† and also â€Å"The skin of his cheeks and forehead was marked with bluish-violet patches. His eyes were oozing, as though with acute conjunctives†- shows us the graphic imagery of the boys eyes. Stephen tells us in about this boy, not knowing who he is and having no relation to Stephen at all this shows that Stephen has sympathy and thoughts about what these soldiers go through I think he is comparing on how lucky he is that his pain was very minor to the ones that other people s uffer. Stephen describes the boy’s body â€Å"The soft skin on the armpits and inner thighs was covered in huge, raw blisters†. Makes the reader visualise and actually see what Stephen is seeing. On page 187 it tells us that the boys voice came back to Stephen and â€Å"He begged to die†- this shows us the effect on how the damage and the pain that the boy actually must be going through. Faulks also shows us how hard the nurses job is and how her love can take over her job† Impotently, she held both her arms wide in a gesture of motherly love, as this would comfort him. † Stephen hopes that the boy would die soon, it is all so reverse he should be praying for him to live soon, but seeing and hearing the agony the boy is going through death would be more peaceful. On page 188 Faulks describes the boy the last time before he dies and we can see and imagine how his condition would be like for example-â€Å"He lay motion-less, trailing his raw skin. His infected lungs began to burble and froth with yellow fluid† Faulks shows Stephen with no emotion or sympathy for the boy no remorse â€Å"Stephen prayed that the boy would die† the nurse was the opposite to what he was like she was â€Å"pale, shocked, then burst into shuddering tears. She has sympathy for the boy and some feeling of lost. The next horror incident is when they go over the top to attack and Faulks uses emotional horror in the letters when they write back home. Faulks shows in Michael Wiers letter is formal like he says â€Å"Don’t worry about me, please. It is warm enough. †-shows he is covering up reality and not showing or telling the real truth because even if he does they would be able to understand it. And he says that â€Å"May your prayers be with the men who will go over the top†- shows respect and feelings to all the other soldiers. Stephens letter to Isabelle shows how lonely he is and what he has experienced How to cite Birdsong: Man and Stephen, Papers

Certainty vs. Doubt free essay sample

I believe the dispute between the two virtues, certainty and doubt, is very controversial. Despite the clear sides that people have fixed themselves to, there are pros and cons to both. A person’s doubt can cloud their judgment. Yet it can also aid them in making the better decision, by questioning and eliminating the inferior options. On the other hand, a person’s certainty can blind them from seeing the truth. Regardless of these cons, both are necessary in the everyday choices of life. Isaiah Stock, an APLAC student at University of North Carolina, said, â€Å"Think of certainty and doubt as parts of an automobile. Certainty is considered to be the accelerator, while doubt is the steering wheel. You can get nowhere without driving certainty—but without steering through the impediments in your way, you will surely crash and burn. † I consider this to be a very acceptable metaphor of the balanced relationship between certainty and doubt. We will write a custom essay sample on Certainty vs. Doubt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An excess of either, on the other hand, is detrimental to one’s wellbeing. I t is necessary to balance certainty and doubt in order to accomplish all of one’s life goals. But I believe that, because doubt is so highly misconstrued, doubt is more necessary in the process of making decisions. Doubt is often viewed as a negative idea in our modern society, but in reality is very beneficially, when used correctly. It is not completely contradictive of certainty, but more somewhere in between the two. The World English Dictionary’s definition of doubt is â€Å"a lack of belief or conviction about something. † We should accept the fact that doubt is a part of us, as a human race, because it is part of our nature. We are curious from birth, and to question anything and everything that we want to know more about is perfectly acceptable. I feel that it’s more in the levels of doubt that we use, that we should start to feel worried. Take building a house of cards, for example. Every card we add brings the risk of sending the whole tower tumbling over, but that is a risk we have to take, in order to achieve our goal. â€Å"I will doubt everything that can possibly be doubted, and if anything is left, then it will be absolutely certain†¦ Then I will consider what it is about this certainty that places it beyond doubt. (Descartes). Descartes, in my opinion, is yet another, if not extreme, example of the beneficial effects of doubt. He believed that man should not believe in anything that the smallest reason to doubt. In other words, anything that we believed to be true was untrue, until proven undeniable. His theory, dubbed the Doubt Theory, stated that everything we believe is true comes from our senses, which Descartes believed to be both unreliable and untrustworthy. So he claimed we should doubt everything because of this. In this way, I believe that there will be more qualified and non- defective results. In conclusion, doubt should be viewed as a virtuous idea. Of course, we must use it with caution and wisdom, so as not to abuse one of the many things we have been blessed with, as human beings. As is the case with most matters, we must be careful to balance out our doubt and certainty. Doing this will aid in the betterment of our human nature, and once we learn how to balance the two together, we will be closer to the quintessential being of which we wish to be. Certainty Vs. Doubt free essay sample Everyone has. Having doubt leads you to accomplish more and improve at what you do. Certainty is something that helps you become confident in your actions and beliefs. You cannot become fully certain of things without doubt; it is a part of life. William Lyon Phelps once said, â€Å"If you develop the absolute sense of certainty that powerful beliefs provide, then you can get yourself to accomplish virtually everything†¦Ã¢â‚¬  What Phelps is saying, is that if you think positively you can accomplish anything you want. Yes this is a good trait to have, but is everything accomplished with positive thinking? Doubt is a natural sort that everyone does and it affects everyone in some way. Even the most confident person has some area of doubt in their life, something that causes them to rethink their abilities. Throughout my life I have had many encounters with doubt. In the thirteen years that I have been dancing competitively I have worked hard to become a better dancer. We will write a custom essay sample on Certainty Vs. Doubt or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If I was certain, at age eleven, that I had become the best I could be then I would not have become the dancer I am today. Having no doubt in life would lead to the confidence that there is no room for improvement or any desire to get better. People would already think they are at the top of everything and that they are the best they can be. Although, if everyone was doubtful of their ideas or abilities, nothing could be improved to make them better. Even now I still have doubt in my skill and that doubt is only there to help me improve even more. Positive thinking is a good thing to have and will lead you to the right places. Even though doubt will be encountered it is natural and will only help improve things even more.